The execution engine from Phases 5-7 works, but it requires manually constructing operator trees and expression objects in Go code. A real database accepts SQL text from users. This phase builds a...

Phases 1-3 built the storage primitives — vectors, row groups, column segments, and compression. But there’s no concept of a “table” yet. There’s no way to define a schema (CREATE TABLE), no way...

Columnar storage has a property that row-based storage doesn’t: values in a column tend to be similar. A status column might have only 5 distinct values across millions of rows. A timestamp column...

Phase 1 gave us in-memory vectors and data chunks. But a database needs to persist data to disk and read it back. The challenge is designing a disk format that preserves the benefits of columnar...

For over 30 years, MySQL has grown through the contributions, feedback, and collaboration of a global community of developers, database administrators, customers, partners, educators, and open...

Slack has outlined how its AI serving infrastructure evolved through four distinct phases, moving from a self-managed Amazon SageMaker deployment to a multi-cloud architecture spanning AWS Bedrock...

The fundamental difference between OLTP and OLAP databases is how they store and process data. An OLTP database like PostgreSQL stores rows — when you insert a customer record, all columns (name,...

The database is fully functional — it can store data, run SQL, use indexes, and survive crashes. But it’s missing three things that make a database a database: Transactions: grouping multiple...

Everything we’ve built so far has a fatal flaw: if the power goes out, data is lost. The buffer pool keeps dirty pages in memory and flushes them to disk lazily. A crash before that flush means...

Without an index, every query scans every row. WHERE id = 42 on a million-row table reads all million rows to find one. That’s O(n) — slow. A B+ tree index is a sorted data structure that maps key...

Before this phase, the parser and storage engine were separate systems. The parser could turn SQL into an AST, and the storage engine could read/write rows — but they didn’t talk to each other....

Until now, every query is built manually in Go — constructing executor nodes and expression structs by hand. That works for testing, but a real database needs to understand SQL text. Phase 6 adds...

Every time the database reads a row, it calls HeapFile.ReadPage() which seeks to a position in the file, reads 4096 bytes from disk, and copies them into memory. When a sequential scan reads page...

Phase 3 gave us table.ScanAll() — iterate through every row. But there’s no way to say “only rows where age > 25” or “only the name column.” Phase 4 adds that. This is the first time the database...

Phase 1 gave us pages and heap files (raw byte storage on disk). Phase 2 gave us schemas and serialization (typed values to/from bytes). But these two layers don’t know about each other — you’d...

In Phase 1, pages store raw bytes — InsertTuple([]byte("alice")). The page has no idea what those bytes mean. Phase 2 adds the layer that gives bytes meaning: a schema that defines columns and...

Every database needs to store data on disk and read it back. But disks don’t work like memory — you can’t read a single byte efficiently. Disk I/O works in blocks. The operating system reads and...

Agentic AI promises a fundamental shift in how B2B pricing is set, managed, and optimized to drive a step change in both efficiency and effectiveness.

AI investment isn’t just fueling innovation; it’s reshaping competitive dynamics and catalyzing a new wave of strategic M&A across the global tech landscape.